Born in Mantua in ca. 1559, Andrea Andreani was the most accomplished practitioner of chiaroscuro technique in late sixteenth-century Italy. Little is known about his initial training. He began as a blockcutter. Around 1583, he started to copy early line woodcuts into new chiaroscuro versions. He also reproduced intarsia pavements, sculptures, and bronze reliefs with the same method. Andreani was active in Rome (ca. 1580), Florence (1583-86), and Siena (1586-1593), before returning permanently to his native city and setting up a workshop. He died in Manuta in 1629. Andreani's oeuvre includes large prints comprising several sheets, such as his copy of Triumph of Christ after Titian, and copies of drawings based on Mantegna's cartoons for the Triumph of Caesar. Between 1602 and 1610, Andreani reprinted and recut earlier chiaroscuro woodblocks by Ugo da Carpi, Antonio da Trento and Niccolò Vicentino, bringing them to new levels of technical and visual refinement.

Giambologna (1529-1608) was a Flemish sculptor based in Italy. His early training was in Antwerp under the architect-sculptor Jacques du Broeucq. In the 1550s, he studied sculptures of classical antiquity in Rome. He reached the height of his career while working as a court sculptor for the Medici Dukes in Florence, where he settled in 1553. celebrated for his Mannerist marble and bronze statuary, Giambologna was influenced by Michelangelo's works but developed his own style, characterized by a fine sense of movement and refined surface finish.